Laboratory tests for HIV detection
Laboratory tests for hiv detection


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Introduction to Hematology
The hematology laboratory deals with routine determination of total number of cells in circulation, hemoglobin concentration, and differential count of leukocytes based on the study of the stained blood smear.
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Hematopoietic System of the Body
Hematopoiesis is, production, development and maturation of cellular elements of blood (hem = blood, poiesis = synthesis).
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Erythropoiesis
The term erythropoiesis means the generation of erythrocytes.
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Thrombopoiesis
The term thrombopoiesis means generation of platelet (thrombocyte = platelet). Platelets are developed from the giant cells called megakaryocytes’ in the bone marrow.
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Leukopoieis
Leukopoiesis is the production of white blood cells. It has three independent series which lead to the formation of,granulocytes, lymphocytes and monoocytes.


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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein synthesized in side the immature erythrocyte in the red bone mar row.
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Hemoglobin Derivatives
The most common derivatives present in normal blood are oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin.
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Anemia
Anemia may be regarded in physiological term as “reduction in oxygen transporting capacity of blood”.
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Routine Hematological Tests - Introduction
To increase new parameters of hematology testing, new technologies
make use of laser, radio-frequency, electronic conductivity, computer and fluorescent technology.

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The Hematology Laboratory
About The Hematology Laboratory
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Collection of Blood
Finger or ear lobe (The site should be free from local circulatory changes such as edema, cyanosis and inflammation).
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Anticoagulants
The thromboplastin released by damaged tissue, or platelets converts inactive prothrombin into active thrombin in the presence of calcium ions.
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Determination of Hemoglobin
An increase in hemoglobin concentration occurs in hemoconcentration due to loss of body fluid in severe diarrhea and vomiting.
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Determination of Hemoglobin by Cyanmethemoglobin Method
It is commercially available.This standard is directly pipetted in a cuvette and optical density measured at 540 nm (green filter): The reading obtained corresponds to 15 g/dl, hemoglobin.
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Blood Cell Counts
The cells most often counted by this technique are red cells, white cells, platelets and eosinophils.
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Total Erythrocyte Count by Hemocytometer
The manual method of RBC count is time consuming and imprecise.
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Total Leukocyte Count by Hemocytometer
The degree of rise in leukocytes depend on the type and severity of the infection and the response of the body.
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Differential Leukocyte Count
Differential count is useful to identity changes in the distribution of white cells which may be related to specific types of disorders.
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Study of Morphology of Blood Cells
Study of Morphology of Blood Cells
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Determination of Hematocrit (PCV)
Determination of Hematocrit (PCV)
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Determination of PCV by Micro Hematocrit Method
Determination of PCV by Micro Hematocrit Method
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Determination of Erythrocyte Indices (Wintrobe’s Constants)
The indices calculated from the manual results require most meticulous care. Generally the high percentage of error is due to the error in erythrocyte count.
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
The rate at which the red cells fall is known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
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Determination of ESR by Micro-Sedimentation (Landau) Method
Determination of ESR by Micro-Sedimentation (Landau) Method
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Determination of Platelet Count
Thrombocytosis (Increased platelet count) is found in polycythemia vera, following splenectomy and in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
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Determination of Reticulocyte Count
Increase in their number indicates increased activity of the marrow (hemolytic anemia or acute blood loss). This is known as reticulocytosis.
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Determination of Absolute Eosinophil Count
Blood is diluted with a special diluting fluid which removes red cells and stains the eosinophils red.
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Automation in Hematology
The instruments combine measurement of cell size and cell fluorescence, or cell size determination and immunofluorescence for subclassification of cells.
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Anemia
There is a decrease in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues and the different organs of the body. This is responsible for many of the symptoms in an anemic person.
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Laboratory Tests in Iron Deficiency Anemia
Hypochromic microcytic anemia due to iron deficiency is the commonest type of anemia encountered in medical practice.
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Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis of Hemolytic Disorders
Hemolytic anemia is characterized by excessive destruction as well as formation of erythrocytes and anemia developing despite increased erythropoiesis.
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Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis of Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia is a hematologic disorder characterized by the presence of anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
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Investigations of Megaloblastic Anemia
Megaloblastic anemia is caused mainly by deficiency of Vitamin B12 or folic acid or both.
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Thalassemias
The common characteristic of these disorders is impaired production of polypeptide chains of hemoglobin. In ¥â thalassemia, ¥â chain production is decreased while in ¥á, ©£ ¥â, and ¥ã ©£ ¥â thalassemias have decreased synthesis of the respective poly
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Polycythemia: (Erythrocytosis)
The number of red cells in the blood is not increased, but the number of cells per unit volume of blood is increased.
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Leukemia
2. Acute leukemia is generally found in persons below 20 years of age and Chronic granulocytic leukemia is most often found between 40 and 50 years of age.

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Pernicious and Sideroblastic Anemias
This type of anemia is rarely found in patients below 40 years of age and most often found in people above 60 years of age.
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Hereditary Spherocytosis and Hereditary Elliptocytosis
This type of anemia is inherited as a non-sex linked dominant trait. It is diagnosed in childhood, adolescence or in early adult life.
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Sickle Cell Anemia
The red cells contain 90 to 100% hemoglobin S with the remainder being hemoglobin F. This disease is usually fatal by the age of 30.
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Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
This disorder can also be caused by the presence of an antigen in the infant’s blood, which is not present in mother’s blood.
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Infectious Mononucleosis
about the Infectious Mononucleosis
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Multiple Myeloma
about Multiple Myeloma
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) Deficiency
The absence of this enzyme is usually harmless unless the red cells are exposed to redox compounds.
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Parasitic Infections of Blood
Blood parasites cause a number of ailments which are more prevalent in tropical countries. These parasites are either protozoa or nematodes.
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